Keeb kwm ntawm whiskey: qhov tshwm sim thiab keeb kwm ntawm tus ntsuj plig
Keeb kwm ntawm whiskey: qhov tshwm sim thiab keeb kwm ntawm tus ntsuj plig
Anonim

A dej cawv muaj zog hu ua "whiskey" tau nkag mus rau hauv peb lub neej. Nws coj qhov chaw tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai nrov. Tus neeg saib tsis taus thiab ntxim nyiam James Bond ib txwm tshwm sim ua ntej peb, khawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm ib sab tes, thiab sov lub khob ntawm whiskey rau lwm qhov. Nws tau hais tias "tus poj niam hlau" Margaret Thatcher nyiam haus cov txiv neej no, uas nws tau txais kev tshoov siab ntau dua ib zaug thaum ua raws li nws txoj cai.

Koj puas tau xav paub ntau npaum li cas whiskey tshwm? Puas yog ancient lossis niaj hnub? Leej twg tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua distillate los ntawm nplej? Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav qhia txog zaj dab neeg ntxim nyiam thiab me ntsis mystical ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm whiskey. Cov tsos ntawm cov dej haus yog shrouded nyob rau hauv legends. Muaj ob peb ntawm lawv, thiab ntawm no yog vim li cas: xibtes nyob rau hauv invention ntawm whiskey yog contested los ntawm Scotland thiab Ireland. Thiab txhua lub teb chaws muaj nws lub zeem muag ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov dej haus.

Whisky: keeb kwm ntawm saj
Whisky: keeb kwm ntawm saj

YDistillate technology

Taukom nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm whiskey, koj yuav tsum tau tsawg kawg yog luv luv paub lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim cov dej cawv muaj zog. Txhua yam tuaj yeem ua cov khoom siv raw rau lawv: berries, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, qos yaj ywm, cereals, mis nyuj, qab zib los yog molasses, beets, cacti, thiab txawm ntoo, yog hais tias nws yog zoo pre-kho. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov khoom qub muaj cov carbohydrates. Tab sis txhawm rau kom rho tawm cawv los ntawm cov khoom siv raw, yuav tsum muaj txheej txheem distillation.

thawj alemic tau tsim los ntawm Arabs. Nws yog ib tug tooj liab kettle rau hauv uas wine yuav tsum tau poured. Cov tais diav tau dai rau ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, cov kua boiled thiab cov chav mus los ntawm lub raj mus rau lwm lub tank, qhov twg nws condensed dua mus rau lub xeev kua. Cov Arabs hu ua xws li tee ntawm distillate "raki", uas txhais tau tias "hws". Li no lub npe ntawm thawj muaj zog haus - rakia. Distillates tsis paub nyob rau hauv ancient ntiaj teb no. Cov neeg European thawj zaug ntsib lawv thaum lub sijhawm Crusades, tib lub sijhawm peeping los ntawm Arabs thiab cov thev naus laus zis ntawm lawv qhov kev npaj.

Whisky ntau lawm technology
Whisky ntau lawm technology

Whiskey specifications

Rau lub sijhawm ntev, txhua qhov distillates hauv Tebchaws Europe tau tsim los ntawm cawv yuav tsum. Lawv tau muab lub npe Latin aqua vitae, uas txhais tau tias "dej ntawm lub neej". Cov neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb lub teb chaws raug yuam mus yuav distillates, ntshuam lawv los ntawm cov teb chaws yav qab teb, qhov twg grapes loj hlob thiab, raws li, yuav tsum tau tsim. Tau kawg, tsis yog txhua tus nyiam nws. Kev sim tau ua los hloov cov txiv hmab nrog lwm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab berries. Tab sis keeb kwm ntawm whiskey pib thaum cereals raug coj los ua raw khoom. Lub npe ntawm cov dej haus muaj Celtic cov hauv paus hniav thiab txhais tau tias … tag nrho tib "dej ntawm lub neej".

Whisky: ib zaj dab neeg ntawm kev sau ob npaug

Leej twg tsim cov dej haus no, Scots lossis Irish, lawv tsis tau tsim lub npe tshiab, tab sis tsuas yog txhais cov lus Latin aqua vitae rau lawv hom lus. Qhov no yog li cas ob lub npe tuaj txog. Hauv tebchaws Ireland nws yog uisce beatha thiab hauv Scotland nws yog uisge beatha. Nws tau hais tias "ishke byaha" nyob rau hauv thawj version thiab raws li "ishke byaha" nyob rau hauv lub thib ob. Cov neeg Askiv, uas sim haus dej haus, tsis nkag siab txog kev hais lus intricacies thiab tsuas yog thawj feem ntawm lub npe los xaiv lub distillate.

Yog li nws tau tshwm sim tias scotch los ntawm Scotland yog hu ua whiskey, thiab los ntawm Ireland (thiab los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas) - whiskey. Ob qho kev sau ntawv no suav tias yog grammatically raug. Lo lus yog txhais ua lus Lavxias li "whiskey". Tab sis ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tseem muaj kev sib cav txog qhov dej haus no yog dab tsi - txiv neej lossis nruab nrab.

Scottish version ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub distillate

Nws yog lub sijhawm los nyeem ob zaj dab neeg whiskey tig. Cia peb pib nrog Scottish. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no, lawv hais tias nws yog lawv uas muaj ib tug zoo kawg nkaus, yog hais tias tsis ci ntsa iab, lub tswv yim los hloov txiv hmab txiv ntoo yuav tsum nrog barley npias. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, Crusaders qiv cov txheej txheem ntawm distillation nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thaum lub sij hawm Crusades. Cov "dej ntawm lub neej" yog tsim los ntawm cov hauj sam. Nyob rau tiam Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov tub txib mus txog Scotland. Thawj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov whiskey hauv lub tebchaws no hnub rov qab mus rau 1494. Nws nyeem tias: "… muab m alt rau yawg John Core ua "dej ntawm txoj sia."

Tab sis, feem ntau yuav, - thiab qhov xwm txheej niaj hnub ntawm kev nkag hauv phau ntawv lag luam tau lees paubqhov kev xav no - whiskey pib tsim ntev ua ntej kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Tab sis thoob plaws hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov dej haus no tau siv tshwj xeeb rau kev siv tshuaj. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv 1505 Edinburgh barbers thiab kws phais neeg guild tau txais ib tug monopoly rau zus tau tej cov whiskey nyob rau hauv Scotland.

Keeb kwm ntawm Scotch Whisky
Keeb kwm ntawm Scotch Whisky

Irish whiskey keeb kwm

Thawj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov dej haus tau tshwm sim ntawm Emerald Isle ua ntej me ntsis. Nws yog hnub tim 1405. Thiab ntawm chav kawm, qhov hais kuj los ntawm pawg ntseeg chronicles. Tab sis cov neeg Irish ntseeg tias whiskey tau tsim los ntawm tsis muaj lwm yam tshaj li Saint Patrick. Tus tub txib tuaj txog ntawm lub koog pov txwv nrog peb lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb hauv lub siab. Thawj thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog los tsim ib qho dej cawv zoo heev. Lub hom phiaj thib ob yog tshem tawm txhua tus nab los ntawm Ireland. Thiab thaum kawg, hloov cov neeg hauv zos mus rau kev ntseeg.

Saint Patrick ua tiav peb txoj haujlwm tiav. Tab sis qhov no, cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias, tsuas yog ib zaj dab neeg zoo nkauj xwb. Saint Patrick nyob ua ntej Crusades thiab tsis muaj peev xwm paub dab tsi txog lub alembic thiab txoj kev ntawm distilling "dej ntawm lub neej". Feem ntau yuav, lub tswv yim los hloov cawv nrog barley npias tuaj rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob haiv neeg ntawm lawv tus kheej ntawm ib leeg. Thiab nws tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th.

Nco txog keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho cov dej haus

Whiskey tau muag hauv khw muag tshuaj hauv Scotland ntev los ua tshuaj. Tab sis ntau tus neeg nyob hauv txaus siab tsis yog tsuas yog kev kho mob xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm "dej ntawm lub neej". Ntau lub teb chaws pib tsim cov distillate hauv tsev, siv tsis yog barley ua raw khoom,tab sis kuj rye thiab nplej. Thiab nyob rau hauv Brittany (sab qaum teb ntawm Fabkis) lawv pib tsav cov dej haus zoo sib xws los ntawm buckwheat. Tag nrho cov kev ua ub ua no, nrog rau txoj kev tsim khoom tsis zoo, ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov saj ntawm whiskey.

Keeb kwm ntawm Scotland muab ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm lub xeev tau sim tua cov distilleries me. Tab sis qhov no ib txwm tsuas coj mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias xws li liaj teb mus rau hauv av. Ib qho kev ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tau ua thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th los ntawm Scottish-yug Robert Stein. Nws txhim kho lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov dej haus tau tshem tawm cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm fusel. Tab sis Stein lub apparatus yog tsim los rau barley nyoos. Nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tus Irishman Aeneas Coffey, siv cov achievements ntawm nws Scottish predecessor, txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm nruam sublimation. Vim li ntawd, lub tshuab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nrog txhua yam nplej.

Lub advent ntawm daim kab xev
Lub advent ntawm daim kab xev

Scottish ceg. Advent ntawm Scotch

Txij li thaum xyoo pua 16th, lub xeev tau sim tshem tawm cov distilleries me me, hais txog qhov tseeb tias lawv ua cov cawv tsis zoo. Keeb kwm qhia tias qhov kev txwv no tsuas yog ua rau qhov tseeb tias feem ntau cov lag luam mus "rau hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo." Cov kev cai lij choj uas tsuas yog cov nom tswv thiaj li tsim tau cov cawv txiv hmab tau ua rau cov khw muag khoom me me hauv av tau nce mus deb ntawm cov nroog loj (thiab saib xyuas qhov muag ntawm cov tub ceev xwm nyiaj txiag).

Cov dej ntshiab huv uas tau siv los ua dej haus, cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm cov cua hiav txwv absorbed los ntawm cov distillate, coj mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias xws li ib tug khoom ntawm underground pib muaj nuj nqis tshaj lub official cawv tso cai los ntawm lub distillate. tub ceev xwm. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv me meua liaj ua teb siv me me vats. Txhawm rau kom ceev cov khoom lag luam whiskey, cov tuam txhab pib qhuav cov barley ntawm peat pa luam yeeb. Qhov no muab cawv rau qhov tsw ntawm "cov nqaij haus luam yeeb". Tab sis qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb ntawm Scottish whiskey yog kev laus ntawm cov ntsuj plig hauv cov ntoo qhib thoob. Xws li haus, tsw qab, yam ntxwv thiab muaj zog, hu ua scotch.

scotch whiskey
scotch whiskey

Irish Development Branch

Ntawm Emerald Isle, cov khoom lag luam whiskey kuj tsis nyob twj ywm, tab sis txhim kho txhua txoj hauv kev. Cov neeg tsim khoom Irish ntawm cov dej haus no tsis muaj teeb meem nrog cov kev pabcuam pej xeem xws li Scots. Tab sis lwm qhov xwm txheej tau tshwm sim rau lawv, thiab nws tau ris lub npe ntawm Leej Txiv Reverend Theobald Matthew. Tsuas yog ob peb xyoos ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia fiery, ib tug Vaj Qhia Capuchin tau tswj xyuas tsib ntawm yim lab tus tib neeg uas nyob hauv tebchaws Ireland lub sijhawm ntawd kom tso cawv tag.

Tab sis tom qab ntawd tib neeg nco qab tias keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm whiskey ntawm cov kob txuas nrog Patrick, uas suav tias yog neeg dawb huv, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog nws Reverend Matthew. Yog li ntawd cov dej haus tau dim lub sij hawm nyuaj thiab tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai. Irish whiskey tsis zoo ib yam li Scotch, tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm ntau lawm, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv saj. Barley tsis haus luam yeeb nrog peat pa luam yeeb rau haus, thiab m alt vats tsuas yog loj. Irish whiskey yog velvety, mos, nrog ib tug sib sib zog nqus bouquet.

Keeb kwm ntawm Irish Whisky
Keeb kwm ntawm Irish Whisky

Promotion of haus

Nyob ntev, cawv thiab cawv tsis tau mus dhau lub tebchaws uas tsim lawv. Tab sis thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, Tebchaws Europe tau raug ntaus los ntawmphylloxera ntxeem tau. Qhov no aphid puas yuav luag tag nrho cov vineyards. Tau kawg, cov vines tshiab tau cog. Tab sis kom lawv muab thawj zaug sau, tsawg kawg tsib xyoos yuav tsum dhau mus. Lub sijhawm no, cov neeg Askiv, tau poob lawv cov brandy nyiam, raug yuam kom them sai sai rau cov dej qab zib uas tau tsim los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob. Whisky "McGregor" tau nrov. Tus tsim ntawm lub hom no coj lub npe ntawm cov dej haus los ntawm Scottish xeem, paub txog nws txoj kev ruaj khov thiab kev tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej ntawm thaj av los ntawm cov vaj ntxwv Askiv. Cov tsev neeg no tau muaj txoj sia nyob vim tsev neeg muaj kev sib raug zoo. Cov neeg tsim dej haus kuj muaj npe nrov rau qhov no.

Keeb kwm ntawm McGregor, Jack Daniels, Johnny Walker, Dawb Nees thiab lwm yam npe nrov Scottish qhia tau hais tias cov distilleries tau tshwm sim los yog nrov thaum lub xyoo nyuaj. Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw loj ntawm cov neeg pluag los ntawm Emerald Isle mus rau North America tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias Irish txoj kev tsim cov dej haus tau pib hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Canada. Tiamsis nyob hauv lub tebchaws tshiab, nws tau txais nws tus yam ntxwv.

Whisky "McGregor" - keeb kwm
Whisky "McGregor" - keeb kwm

Lwm ceg ntawm kev tsim dej haus

Keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm whiskey nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States pib thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Xibhwb Elijah Craig ntawm Paris, Bourbon County, Kentucky, txiav txim siab los hloov barley, uas loj hlob tsis zoo nyob rau hauv huab cua sov, nrog pob kws. Lwm qhov kev tsim kho tshiab uas tus neeg hwm tau thov yog tias nws muaj hnub nyoog nws cov cawv txiv hmab hauv cov ntoo qhib ntoo ua ntej charred los ntawm sab hauv. Cov dej haus tsis yog tsim los ntawm distillation, zoo li scotch, tab sis los ntawm kev distillation tas li. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, whiskeylub npe hu ua Bourbon County, muaj zog tab sis huv si.

Neeg Asmeskas kuj tau pib ua cov khoom sib xws ntawm cov nplej thiab rye. Cov cereal kawg tau txais los ntawm Canadians. Hiram Walker muaj peev xwm ua kom huv, lub teeb, tsis nruj thiab aristocratic haus los ntawm rye, uas tsis tau tsuas yog txiv neej tab sis kuj cov poj niam haus nrog Library. Thaum whiskey tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb, nws kuj tau pib ua hauv Nyij Pooj. Lub ntsiab raw khoom muaj, raws li koj yuav twv, yog mov. Thiab Nyiv imports ib feem me me ntawm barley m alt los ntawm Scotland.

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