Dab tsi tsis noj nrog lub siab mob: contraindications thiab kev pom zoo noj zaub mov, cov npe khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig, zaub mov

2024 Tus sau: Isabella Gilson | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:27

Niaj hnub nimno lub neej ntawm lub neej: kev ntxhov siab, kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, kev haus cawv, haus luam yeeb - muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub xeev ntawm lub cev. Tshwj xeeb, lub siab raug kev txom nyem. Raws li kev txheeb cais, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev faib ua feem ntawm cov kab mob siab mob siab tau loj hlob tuaj. Thiab tus kab mob no cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev noj tshuaj, noj tsis txaus, haus cawv. Dab tsi koj tsis tuaj yeem noj nrog lub siab mob thiab kev noj zaub mov zoo ntawm kev noj zaub mov kom raug - tag nrho cov no tau piav qhia hauv kab lus.

Kab mob siab thiab gallbladder

Nyob hauv peb lub cev, daim siab thiab lub gallbladder nyob ib sab, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib lub cev muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lwm tus. Yog li cov npe ntawm yam koj tsis tuaj yeem noj nrog lub siab mob yog yuav luag sib npaug rau qhov txwv tsis pub siv nrog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo.gallbladder. Hauv thawj theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob siab, tus neeg mob xyaum tsis muaj kev tsis xis nyob. Cov tsos mob feem ntau tshwm sim thaum pathology twb tau tsim thiab yuav tsum tau kho tshwj xeeb. Hepatologists (cov kws kho mob uas kho lub siab) feem ntau sau cov tshuaj hepatoprotectors thiab khoom noj khoom haus raws li daim ntawv kho mob 5. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov khoom noj tshwj xeeb, cov ntawv qhia zaub mov uas suav nrog tsuas yog cov khoom lag luam rau lub siab mob. Kev noj zaub mov yog tus yuam sij rau kev rov qab los ntawm kab mob siab. Nyob ntawm qhov kev kuaj mob, qee cov neeg mob yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev noj zaub mov kom raug rau tag nrho lawv lub neej. Yog tias tus neeg mob txiav txim siab noj zaub mov txaus ntshai nrog lub siab mob, ces qhov kev mob hnyav zuj zus tuaj tos nws.

Qhov kev phom sij tseem ceeb nyob hauv qhov tseeb tias yuav luag txhua yam kab mob ntawm lub cev: tshuaj lom kab mob siab, fibrosis, hemangiomas - sai lossis tom qab ua rau lub xeev ua ntej cirrhotic, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau kev loj hlob ntawm cirrhosis. Thiab qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ib tug irreversible mob thiab tuag taus. Tsuas yog lub siab hloov pauv tuaj yeem pab tau - tab sis qhov no yog kev ua haujlwm nyuaj thiab kim heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus neeg pub khoom nruab nrog cev yuav tsis noj cov hauv paus hniav. Yog li nws yog qhov zoo dua los kawm kom meej cov npe ntawm yam tsis noj nrog lub siab mob, thiab tsis txhob tawg.

Ua rau daim siab pathologies

Koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov laj thawj feem ntau vim li cas daim siab pathologies txhim kho:

1. khoom noj tsis raug thiab muaj roj ntau hauv cov zaub mov tau ntau xyoo. Qhov no yog txoj hauv kev ncaj qha rau qhov tseeb tias cov hlwb noj qab haus huv ntawm lub cev pib hloov los ntawm cov rog. Yuav ua li casntev dua tus neeg mob noj tsis raug, qhov kev puas tsuaj ntau dua nws ua rau lub siab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kua tsib tsis raug tsim tawm, dhau sijhawm, kab mob gallstone tuaj yeem kuaj pom - thiab qhov no, dhau los, tuaj yeem ua rau resection (tshem tawm) ntawm lub gallbladder. Hauv qhov no, tus neeg mob yuav raug yuam kom ua raws li kev noj zaub mov nruj dua li cov lus 5.
2. Kev quav cawv. Leej twg tsis paub tias cov neeg haus cawv feem ntau tuag los ntawm cirrhosis? Tab sis qhov no kuj tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau cov neeg zoo li cov neeg uas tau siv los ua ntu zus "so" nrog kev pab los ntawm cov dej qab zib zoo nkauj uas suav nrog ethyl cawv.
3. Cov kab mob sib kis, tshwj xeeb yog kab mob siab C, yog lwm qhov ua rau lub siab puas tsuaj. Yog tsis muaj kev kho mob uas tsim nyog, uas yuav tsum tau nrog kev noj zaub mov nruj, tsis muaj kev cia siab rau kev rov zoo.
4. Cov kab mob uas nyob hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub siab thiab lub gallbladder. Ib tus kws kho mob uas paub txog feem ntau ib txwm kuaj tus neeg mob kom pom cov kab mob parasites - rau qhov no nws txaus los ua ob peb qhov kev sim yooj yim xwb. Tom qab kuaj mob, koj yuav tsum tau kho luv luv uas yuav pab tshem tawm cov kab mob ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho.

Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab

Nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, kab mob siab tau dhau los ua ntau dua, qhov no yog vim muaj tshuaj lom, kab mob thiab tshuaj ntau hauv lub cev. Lub siab, zoo li lub lim, tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm cov tshuaj lom, siv tag nrho cov tshuab ntawm nws tus kheej. Cov chav kawm feem ntau ntawm lub cev pathologies yog mob ntevkab mob siab. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tus kab mob, tus neeg mob yuav tsis muab ib qho kev tsis txaus siab, tsuas yog xav tias tsis muaj zog thiab tsis paub meej ntawm qhov tsis zoo. Sij hawm dhau mus, nws hnov qhov hnyav hauv txoj cai hypochondrium, raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev zom zaub mov - vim li no nws mus ntsib kws kho mob, vim nws tau txais kev kuaj mob thiab cov lus pom zoo.

Kev txwv yooj yim rau kab mob siab:

• tsim kom muaj kev haus dej nruj (tsis kam haus cawv thiab lwm yam dej qab zib);
• kev noj zaub mov nruj (cov cai zaub mov rau lub rooj No. 5);
• noj tshuaj tshwj xeeb.

Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam pathologies, lub siab nce hauv qhov loj, fatty degeneration ntawm lub cev pib. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev tso tawm (kev khaws cia) ntawm glycogen cuam tshuam, kev tiv thaiv kab mob txo qis, thiab cov metabolism hauv carbohydrate cuam tshuam. Raws li tus kab mob loj hlob zuj zus, txhua lub cev ntawm lub cev raug kev txom nyem, tus neeg xav tias mob hnyav dua. Yog tias koj tsis hloov cov zaub mov thiab tsis ua lwm yam kev ntsuas los kho lub cev, cirrhosis yuav tshwm sim dhau sijhawm thiab kev tuag yuav tshwm sim. Kev tuag los ntawm cirrhosis mob heev. Nws yog ua ntej los ntawm hepatic encephalopathy, thaum lub sij hawm lub plab o mus rau qhov loj, tus neeg mob raug kev tsim txom ntawm kev nco qab: kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev hais lus, kev txawj ntse zoo raug cuam tshuam, tsaug zog thiab tsis nco qab tshwm sim. Tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem zam tau yog tias koj pib noj raws li cov cai ntawm cov ntawv qhia zaub mov raws sijhawm nrog lub siab mob. Kev noj zaub mov tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam thiab txawm tias qab yog tias koj kawm ua noj thiab qhia kev xav.

Yuav noj dab tsi nrog lub siab mob: daim ntawv teev npekhoom

Daim ntawv teev npe yog qhov loj, ntau lub tais tuaj yeem npaj los ntawm cov khoom no. Tso cai cov khoom noj rau lub siab mob (thaum lub sij hawm exacerbation ntawm tus kab mob) thiab tais diav los ntawm lawv:

• suav nrog cov zaub mov lipotropic hauv kev noj haus: tsev cheese nrog tsawg feem pua ntawm cov roj cov ntsiab lus, whey, buckwheat porridge boiled hauv dej;
• zaub mov noj nrog zaub broths;
• ua hnav khaub ncaws rau cov tais diav thiab kua ntses, nws tso cai siv qaub cream nrog qis feem pua ntawm cov rog, mis nyuj lossis qab zib;
• bread raug tso cai, tab sis tsuas yog hauv daim ntawv qhuav lossis hauv daim ntawv crackers (tsis muaj txuj lom thiab ntsev tsawg), tsis pub ntau tshaj 100 grams tauj ib hnub;
• nqaij nruab deg thiab ntses;
• ncuav qab zib phem (tsis ntau tshaj 100 g ib hnub);
• porridges ntawm dej: semolina, oatmeal, buckwheat, mov;
• nyias boiled durum nplej vermicelli;
• txhua yam khoom noj mis nyuj uas muaj feem pua ntawm cov rog tsawg;
• butter - hauv qhov tsis txaus thiab tsis yog txhua hnub;
• koj tuaj yeem noj qe dawb;
• ib qho me me ntawm cov roj zaub (ob peb tablespoons ib hnub twg) - tsis txhob kib zaub mov rau nws, tab sis ntxiv rau zaub nyoos lossis cereals;
• zaub - qos yaj ywm, cauliflower, taub dag, beets (thaum ua noj, grind kom zoo li sai tau, tsuas yog tom qab ntawd noj);
• txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsuas yog noj tau thaum siav, ua tib zoo txiav (piv txwv li, rubbed rau ntawm grater lossis scrolled hauv rab).

Sample menu onob peb hnub

Menu rau mob siab rau ob peb hnub:

1. Noj tshais - oatmeal on dej nrog ntxiv ntawm ib teaspoon ntawm zaub roj, khoom noj txom ncauj - protein ntawm ob peb qe boiled, noj su - zaub kua zaub nrog ib daim ntawm nqaij qaib fillet, khoom txom ncauj - ib tug medium-qhov loj qhov me txiv apples, grated, noj hmo - taub dag puree nrog ib diav ntawm zaub roj, ib khob ntawm tsawg-rog yogurt.
2. Noj tshais - buckwheat porridge nrog mis nyuj, khoom noj txom ncauj - crouton ntawm qhob cij tsaus, noj su - goulash on dej nrog me me ntawm nqaij qaib ntxhw thiab boiled qos yaj ywm, khoom noj txom ncauj - zaub xam lav nrog tsawg-rog qaub cream, noj hmo - a daim ci hauv qhov cub tsis muaj roj ntses (tsis txhob liab, oily ntses).
3. Breakfast - ib khob tshuaj yej thiab crouton ntawm qhob cij tsaus, khoom noj txom ncauj - tsev cheese casserole, noj su - pilaf nrog nqaij qaib fillet, khoom noj txom ncauj - ob peb txiv tsawb, noj hmo - hake ntses nyob rau hauv qaub cream sauce, a khob kefir.
4. Noj tshais - protein omelet nrog zaub qhwv, khoom noj txom ncauj - yogurt nrog grated txiv hmab txiv ntoo, noj su - kua zaub ntawm zaub broth los yog mashed kua zaub, khoom noj txom ncauj - zaub zaub nyoos seasoned nrog tsawg kawg nkaus roj, noj hmo - kefir los yog yogurt nrog ob peb crackers.
5. Noj tshais - oatmeal nrog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tshiab, noj su - tsev cheese casserole, khoom noj txom ncauj - zaub stew, noj hmo - ntses siav hauv lws suav sauce, koj tuaj yeem noj cov crackers los yog qos yaj ywm rau garnish.

Yuav ua li cas tsis noj nrog lub siab mob: npe khoom noj

Thaum sau cov ntawv qhia zaub mov, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau coj tsis ntau los ntawm cov npe tso caicov khoom, muaj pes tsawg tus raug txwv los ntawm daim ntawv teev npe. Yuav noj dab tsi nrog lub siab mob, tus neeg mob txiav txim siab. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias yog tias nws suav nrog cov zaub mov hauv qab no hauv nws cov khoom noj tsawg kawg ib ntus, ces tus mob ntawm daim siab yuav ua rau tsis zoo:

• zaub mov siav hauv cov nqaij nplua nuj thiab ntses ntses;
• ntau yam khoom noj kaus poom;
• khoom noj muaj ntsev ntau ntau thiab cov txuj lom, zaub mov kub thiab ntsim;
• cov kua zaub, chips, ntsev, txiv ntseej, paj kws thiab lwm yam khoom noj tsis zoo;
• zaub muaj kua qaub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog oxalic acid (cov no yog radish, radish, dos, spinach, qej thiab sorrel);
• nqaij muaj roj ntau yam: venison, goose, nqaij npuas, nqaij nyug loin, sausages, nqaij npuas kib, greaves, crabs, crayfish, cw, mussels yog txwv tsis pub noj nqaij nruab deg;
• ntses liab - salmon, trout, liab salmon, thiab lwm yam;
• fried qaib qe, txwv tsis pub noj qe;
• sauces: mayonnaise, rog qaub cream, horseradish, mustard, ntau yam ketchup (tej zaum nws yog tso cai siv ib tug me me ntawm lws suav muab tshuaj txhuam diluted nrog dej - piv txwv li, stew nqaij los yog ntses nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug ntses.);
• tawm ntawm tsiaj keeb kwm - lub siab, siab, raum, thiab lwm yam.;
• legumes thiab zaub nrog ntau coarse fiber (radish, turnip, radish, zaub qhwv dawb nrog rau lub siab yog txwv);
• fermented mis nyuj cov khoom uas muaj roj ntau dua 5% (koj yuav tsum xaiv cov khoom uas muaj feem pua ntawm cov roj tsawg tshaj plaws);
• KhFried Pies, Prongeies, Khirapuri, thiab lwm yam.
• fast food;
• mis nyuj uas muaj kab mob siab yuav tsum tau siv nrog cov rog tsis tshaj 1.5%;
• qaub berries thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo (cranberries, liab currants, dub currants, ntsuab txiv apples);
• khoom qab zib (tsis suav cov ncuav qab zib lean);

Khoom noj ceev rau cov kab mob ntawm daim siab thiab lub gallbladder

Yog li, peb xam seb koj tuaj yeem noj dab tsi ntawm kev noj zaub mov uas muaj kab mob siab. Koj yuav tsum tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib pawg ntawm cov khoom noj xws li cov khoom noj ceev. Cov no yog french fries, ntau yam burgers, pasties, subways. Cov neeg mob lub siab yog txwv tsis pub noj cov zaub mov zoo li no.

Qhov tseeb yog tias hauv kev tsim cov khoom noj ceev ceev siv cov roj ntau ntau, nrog rau cov khoom qab zib. Tau kawg, cov khoom kawg yog cua heev. Yooj yim boiled tais diav, piv rau cov khoom noj ceev, zoo li insipid thiab unattractive kiag li. Tab sis yog tias muaj keeb kwm ntawm kab mob siab, ces zaub mov ceev yuav tsum tau tso tseg ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho.

Cawv cawv thiab mob siab

Txawm hais tias cov zaub mov muaj kab mob siab tseem ceeb heev, kev haus dej haus tsis tseem ceeb. Yog tias koj noj txoj cai, tab sis haus ib yam dab tsi - qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho mob yuav tsis txaus siab. Piv txwv li, kas fes nrog mob siab yog txwv tsis pub, xws li tshuaj yej dub muaj zog. Tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog nyob hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm kev haus dej cawv.

Yog ib tug tau muab ib yamKev kuaj mob, seb nws puas yog fatty hepatosis, toxic hepatitis, hemangioma, thiab lwm yam, koj yuav tsum tsis nco qab txog kev haus cawv ib zaug. Txwv tsis pub, tus kab mob yuav loj zuj zus tuaj thiab sai li sai tau nws yuav txav mus rau theem ntawm cirrhosis. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub haiv neeg, muaj ib tug dab neeg hais tias cawv nyob rau hauv ib tug me me npaum li cas yuav pab tau so kom txaus, txo cov hlab ntsha. Qhov no tsis yog li ntawd: qhov tseeb, txawm tias me me ntawm cawv ua rau kev tuag ntawm neurons (paj hlwb), thiab tseem cuam tshuam rau lub siab. Nws tsis yog tsim nyog los ua ib tus neeg haus cawv ntev ntev kom "tau txais" cirrhosis. Nws yog txaus rau haus cawv stably ib zaug ib lub lim tiam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, fatty hepatosis yuav tsim. Yog tias ib tug neeg tsis tso nws tus cwj pwm, tom qab ob peb xyoos, tus mob no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm cirrhosis. Yog li ntawd, yog tias tus neeg mob nyiam nws lub siab, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob haus cawv.

Easy diet recipes

Daim ntawv qhia rau cov kab mob siab nrog rau qhov tsis muaj kib thiab ntxiv cov roj ntau. Cov khoom yuav tsum tau crushed kom zoo li sai tau thiab boiled nyob rau hauv ib tug me me dej. Qee lub sij hawm, cov kua txiv lws suav tuaj yeem ntxiv.

1. Kua zaub nrog zucchini yog hearty thiab noj zaub mov, cov ntsiab lus calorie ntawm ib qho kev pab yog kwv yees li 200 kcal. Zaub: carrots thiab broccoli - txiav thiab stew nyob rau hauv dej nrog butter. Dip finely tws qos yaj ywm (250 grams) rau hauv cov zaub broth, thiab tom qab 15 feeb. ntxiv tws zucchini (200 grams), mashed lws suav, ntsev. Sprinkle nrog tws tshuaj ntsuab thaum noj.
2. Nqaij qaib fillet casserole thiabzucchini. Boiled nqaij qaib (200 grams) txiav finely li sai tau los yog dhau los ntawm ib tug blender, ntxiv whipped protein thiab ob peb dia ntawm cov roj tsawg qaub cream. Sib tov minced nqaij tau los ntawm boiled nqaij qaib fillet nrog grated raw zucchini (200 grams), ntsev, muab tso rau hauv ib lub pwm, thiab ncuav lub tshuav mis nyuj sauce on to top. Ci hauv qhov cub ntawm qhov kub ntawm 180-200 degrees rau ib nrab ib teev. Yog xav tau lub crust, lub sijhawm ua noj yuav nce ntxiv.
3. Nqaij qaib dumplings nrog tsev cheese. Hla nqaij qaib los ntawm nqaij grinder ob peb zaug, ntxiv grated tsev cheese. Sib tov zoo, ntxiv qe, butter, ntsev. Txiav quenelles yog steamed. Pab nrog mis nyuj los yog qaub cream sauce.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov zaub mov txawv, cov khoom lag luam yog nplua nuj heev, thiab nrog kev xav, koj tuaj yeem tuaj nrog ntau yam txawv txawv thiab qab tais - casseroles, stews, soups, thiab lwm yam.

Yuav noj dab tsi nrog lub siab mob los ntawm cov khoom qab zib? Nov yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov khoom qab zib yooj yim thiab qab:

1. txiv apples nrog cinnamon. Xaiv ob peb lub txiv apples qab zib (tsis txhob noj ntsuab, lawv nplua nuj nyob rau hauv acid). Txiav rau hauv halves, tshem tawm cov pob txha nrog lub ntsis ntawm ib tug riam. Sprinkle nrog me ntsis cinnamon thiab muab tso rau hauv qhov cub rau 10 feeb. Cov txiv apples tau ci, thiab koj tuaj yeem noj cov khoom qab zib uas muaj ntxhiab thiab qab zib ncaj qha los ntawm cov chopped halves nrog ib rab diav.
2. Curd casserole. Yeej ob peb qe dawb, ntxiv ib qho sweetener rau saj thiab 200 grams ntawm tsev cheese rau lawv, sib tov kom txog thaum tus. Ci hauv pwm me me rau 10-15 feeb. Yog ua tau, piv txwv li, yogtam sim no tsis muaj qhov hnyav, ces tsis txhob siv cov khoom qab zib, nws tuaj yeem siv cov suab thaj tsis tu ncua.

Pumpkin nrog lub siab tsis yog tsuas yog tso cai xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov khoom tsim nyog. Cov zaub no yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov vitamins thiab microelements; thaum npaj nws, tsis tas yuav siv sij hawm sib tsoo thiab chopping, txij li cov taub tiav lawm nws tus kheej muaj qhov sib xws ntawm cov qos yaj ywm mashed. Taub dag tuaj yeem ci hauv qhov cub, stewed hauv lub lauj kaub nrog dej me ntsis. Thaum ua noj, tsis txhob siv ntau cov txuj lom lossis qab zib. Pumpkin yog qab ntawm nws tus kheej thiab tuaj yeem suav nrog koj cov khoom noj txhua hnub.

Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj kab mob siab tuaj yeem hloov cov khoom qab zib uas muaj calorie ntau thiab rog. Ntawm chav kawm, thaum xub thawj nws yuav nyuaj rau muab cov khoom qab zib li niaj zaus. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, ob qho tib si kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev zoo nkauj tsuas yog txhim kho. Noj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo acid thiab berries yuav tsum zam. Cov no yog txiv apples ntsuab, cranberries, dub thiab liab currants. Lwm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo raug tso cai, tab sis koj yuav tsum txiav lawv kom zoo li sai tau ua ntej noj.

Hepatology tswv yim: yuav ua li cas tiv thaiv kab mob siab

Kab mob yeej ib txwm yooj yim los tiv thaiv. Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau daim siab pathologies. Cov lus qhia yooj yim ua raws kom tsis txhob pom tus kws kho mob siab:

• txij lub sijhawm teem caij thauj khoom rau lub cev thiab cov plab hnyuv siab raum, ua raws li kev noj haus raws li cov cai ntawm lub rooj 5;
• txiav luam yeeb thiab haus kom tiavcawv;
• zam lub cev ua haujlwm ntau dhau (nws muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau txhua lub cev);
• zam qhov muaj peev xwm kis tau tus kab mob siab kab mob siab;
• tsis tu ncua kev kuaj mob, pub ntshav (kev tshuaj ntsuam biochemical) rau cov ntsuas tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem teeb pom kev teeb meem nrog lub siab - qhov no yog tag nrho bilirubin, ALT, AST.

Alas, tsis tshua muaj leej twg xav txog qhov xav tau kev tiv thaiv kab mob siab. Thiab thaum cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob no tshwm sim, nws yog feem ntau lig dhau los ua txhua yam. Cov tib neeg tsis nco qab haus dej cawv, noj zaub mov tsis zoo thiab tsis xav txog qhov no yuav cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev noj qab haus huv li cas yav tom ntej. Ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim los pab koj lub siab ua haujlwm tau zoo yog noj cov zaub mov kom tiav thiab tsim nyog uas sib npaug ntawm txhua qhov tsim nyog cov as-ham thiab cov vitamins, thiab yuav tsum ua raws tas li.