Hom thiab ntau yam ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm: kev faib tawm, saj yam ntxwv thiab ua raws li GOST cov cai

2024 Tus sau: Isabella Gilson | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 03:27

Sausages yog ib hom khoom noj uas ua los ntawm cov nqaij minced nrog cov txuj lom thiab raug rau kev kho cua sov. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau ntau hom thiab ntau hom: boiled sausages, raw-smoking thiab boiled-smoked sausages. Lawv txawv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev ua, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv hom thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv tus qauv ntawm minced nqaij ntawm txiav thiab hom ntawm lub plhaub, nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov muaj nqis thiab zoo, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog txiav txim los ntawm lub xim, saj thiab tsw ntawm cov khoom.

keeb kwm me ntsis

Thawj qhov hais txog cov hnyuv ntxwm tau pom nyob rau hauv annals ntawm ancient Greece, qhov twg nws yog hais txog boiled los yog kib minced nqaij packed nyob rau hauv npua plab. Maj mam, daim ntawv qhia rau kev npaj cov zaub mov no kis thoob plaws ntiaj teb, txij li cov tub lag luam thiab cov neeg tsav nkoj yuav yeej coj cov hnyuv ntxwm nrog lawv ntawm kev taug kev deb. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg pom tias cov tais diav uas tau npaj tau zoo tuaj yeem khaws cia rau ntau tshaj ib xyoos yam tsis poob nws saj.

Khawv koob kuj tau hlub los ntawm cov neeg qubSlavs. Lawv kawm yuav ua li cas ua noj nws tsis phem tshaj lwm haiv neeg. Txhawm rau npaj cov zaub mov no, lawv siv nqaij npuas thiab nqaij nyug giblets, uas tau ntim nrog cov nqaij minced, lard, qe, cereals thiab tsiaj cov ntshav. Ces cov blanks tau boiled thiab haus luam yeeb hla hluav taws.

Nyob rau xyoo 1709, thawj lub tsev sausage tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Russia. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Peter lub Great, German nqaij tshwj xeeb pib tsim cov hnyuv ntxwm qab. Ntau yam, los ntawm txoj kev, txawm tias thaum ntawd muaj ntau heev. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev zam rau hnyuv ntxwm tau tshwm sim hauv Russia, thiab niaj hnub no nws nyuaj rau xav txog lub neej yam tsis muaj cov khoom no. Cov khw muag khoom noj niaj hnub thiab cov khw muag khoom noj khoom haus tau ntim nrog ntau hom hnyuv ntxwm, uas nws yooj yim nrhiav tau haus luam yeeb, boiled, thiab qhuav ntau yam.

Kev faib tawm

Nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab txoj kev npaj, tab sis tsis hais ntau yam, sausages muab faib ua:

• smoked (semi-smoked, raw-smoked, boiled-smoked);
• boiled;
• khoom;
• siab;
• -sausages, hnyuv ntxwm;
• sujuk;
• brawns thiab jelly;
• nqaij npuas;
• bloody.

Cov hnyuv ntxwm no muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov dej noo. Lawv muaj lub qab ntxiag saj thiab aroma thiab khaws cia ntev dua. Cov khoom lag luam haus luam yeeb yog cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig vim tias lawv muaj cov roj ntau (kwv yees li 40%). Raws li GOST, daim ntawv qhia rau cov hnyuv ntxwm zoo suav nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov nqaij nyuj feem ntau ntawm qib 1, nqaij npuas nqaij npuas thiab nqaij npuas rog lossisbrisket. Rau kev tsim cov hnyuv ntxwm ntawm cov qib qis, kev siv cov nqaij trimmings, nqaij npuas thiab nqaij nyug hau, protein stabilizer, starch los yog nplej hmoov tau tso cai.

Tau kawg, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm (haus luam yeeb lossis lwm yam) yog qhov siab tshaj. Tab sis lwm tus yog xav tau ntawm cov pej xeem. Xav txog ob peb yam khoom los ntawm txhua pawg:

• qib siab - "Krakow", "Tallinn", "Ukrainian kib", thiab lwm yam;
• 1 qib - "Odesskaya", "Ukrainian", thiab lwm yam;
• 2 qib - "Lamb", "Polish", thiab lwm yam;
• 3 qib - "Tshwj xeeb" (ua los ntawm cov nqaij taub hau thiab offal).

Txhua ntau yam ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm nyoos muaj qhov tshwj xeeb aroma thiab ntsim-s alty saj. Hauv kev npaj cov khoom ntawm cov qib siab tshaj plaws, cov nqaij nyug zoo tshaj plaws, nqaij npuas ntshiv, nqaij npuas kib lossis brisket yog siv. Los ntawm cov txuj lom, dub thiab allspice, nutmeg los yog cardamom feem ntau yog ntxiv ntawm no. Cognac ntxiv rau qee hom hnyuv ntxwm, Madeira ntxiv rau lwm tus.

Cov khoom noj nqaij ntau tshaj plaws ntawm hom no yog:

• qib siab tshaj - "Grainy", "Pork", "Moscow", ntau yam khoom noj thiab salami, thiab lwm yam.;
• 1 ntau yam - "Amateur".

Siav-haus luam yeeb thiab ib nrab haus luam yeeb ntau yam ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm muaj me ntsis thiab tsis ntsim saj. Ntawm cov txuj lom, qej, kua txob thiab nutmeg feem ntau yog siv ntawm no. Ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm ntawm hom no, feem ntau yog:

• qib siab tshaj - "Delicacy", "Rostovskaya", "Servelat" thiab "Moskovskaya";
• 1 ntau yam - "Amateur", "Lamb".

Tsuas yog cov hnyuv ntxwm nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb no yog boiled. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm s alted minced nqaij thiab boiled ntawm ib tug kub ntawm +80˚С, yog li ntawd, tsis hais ntau yam, boiled sausages tsis khaws cia rau ntev, vim hais tias lawv muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov kua.

Raws li GOST cov qauv thiab cov kev cai rau kev ua cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis rau kev npaj cov khoom ntawm hom no, cov khoom xyaw hauv qab no yuav tsum tau siv: nqaij npuas thiab nqaij nyug nqaij s alted rau ob hnub, nqaij npuas kib, nplaig, mis nyuj thiab txuj lom. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, cov nqaij yog crushed thiab meej tov nrog rau cov khoom xyaw, lub resulting loj yog sau nrog ib tug natural los yog dag casing, boiled thiab txias.

Nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom xyaw siv, cov khoom npaj tau muab faib ua:

1. Ciav sausage ntawm qib siab tshaj. Rau kev ua noj, nqaij nyuj, nqaij npuas, nqaij npuas kib thiab txuj lom (nutmeg, kua txob, cardamom, qej) yog siv.
2. Boil hnyuv ntxwm ntawm qib 1. Raws li daim ntawv qhia, rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam, nqaij nyuj ntawm qib 1, nqaij npuas, nqaij npuas kib, zaub protein, txuj lom, ntsev, qej yog siv.
3. Qeb 2. Lawv suav nrog 2 qib nqaij nyuj, trimmings, nqaij npuas, nqaij npuas kib, zaub protein, hmoov, txuj lom, qej.

Assortment of premium products - low-fat sausages. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm no yog "Doctor", "Mis", "Lavxias teb sab", "Veal" thiab ntau lwm tus.

Cov hnyuv ntxwm ntawm qib thawj yog cov khoom xws liOrdinary, Canteen, Ham, thiab lwm yam.

Nyob rau qib 2, cov khoom nrov tshaj plaws hu ua "Tea", "Cov Hluas" thiab lwm yam.

Cov hnyuv ntxwm yog suav tias yog cov neeg tseem ceeb boiled sausages ntawm qib siab tshaj. Cov khoom zoo li no muaj qhov muag heev thiab ua kom zoo nkauj. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yog cov txaus nyiam vim qhov nyuaj ntawm cov qauv tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv ntau yam khoom xyaw: xaiv cov nqaij nyug nqaij nrog ntxiv ntawm nqaij npuas nqaij npuas, xoob lossis crumbled nqaij npuas kib, ntshav loj, nplaig, mis nyuj, butter., qe thiab pistachios.

Nyob rau hauv tsos, cov no yog cov khoom lag luam loj heev. Ntau yam ntawm boiled sausages ntawm hom no kuj muaj xws li cov khoom siv nplaig. Raws li GOST, daim ntawv qhia rau lawv cov kev npaj siv cov nqaij nyuj sab saum toj thiab cov nplaig, tawv nqaij thiab ib nrab tawv nqaij npuas kib, nqaij npuas roj tsawg, ntsev, suab thaj thiab txuj lom.

Cov hnyuv ntxwm tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, vim tias lawv muaj cov khoom xyaw zoo tshaj plaws. Kev tsim cov hnyuv ntxwm no tsuas yog tso siab rau cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov kws tshaj lij. Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm kim tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Hom hnyuv ntxwm no yog npaj raws li cov zaub mov txawv ntawm cov npe sib xws ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm thiab ci hauv pwm. Nyob rau hauv tsos, lawv zoo li panned qhob cij. Tsis zoo li ntau hom ntawm boiled sausages, lub resulting khoom muaj ib tug denser sib xws. Muaj peb hom nqaij loaves:

• siab tshaj (los ntawm cov nqaij minced raucov khoom ntawm qib siab tshaj) - "Kev Cai" thiab "Amateur";
• 1 qib (los ntawm cov nqaij minced rau cov hnyuv ntxwm ntawm qib 1) - "Ham", "Beef", thiab lwm yam;
• 2 qib (los ntawm qib minced sausage 2 qib) – “Tea”.

Lwm yam ntawm boiled sausages. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm thiab wieners yog qhov tsis muaj lard, cov duab me me thiab qhov loj ntawm cov tuav. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm tshiab, chilled, txias los yog khov nqaij. Rau cov khoom lag luam zoo, cov rog rog ntawm nqaij npuas thiab nqaij nyug yog siv, thaum nqaij npuas hnyuv ntxwm thiab hnyuv ntxwm yuav tsum muaj nqaij npuas nkaus xwb.

Yog cov nqaij npuas kib thiab cov txuj lom ntxiv rau cov nqaij minced, ces hom hnyuv ntxwm no hu ua spicachki. Cov zaub mov no tuaj rau Russia los ntawm Poland tsis ntev los no, txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom, cuam tshuam hauv TU (cov txheej txheem txheej txheem).

Txhua cov khoom noj nqaij ntawm pawg no yog sawv cev los ntawm ob qib: siab tshaj thiab thawj. Gradation, zoo li lwm yam khoom siv nqaij, nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom xyaw uas tuaj.

Los ntawm nqaij nyuj thiab nqaij npuas siab, raum, ntsws thiab lwm yam offal, daim siab hnyuv ntxwm yog tsim. Feem ntau, siv lub ntuj casing, uas yog nruj nreem ntim nrog kev sib tw pasty minced nqaij. Muaj cov nram qab no ntau yam ntawm xws li sausages:

1. Higher - "Qe". Nqaij nyuj, nqaij nyuj, nqaij npuas rog, nqaij qaib qe, nplej hmoov nplej thiab txuj lom ntxiv rau cov khoom xyaw xws li hnyuv ntxwm.
2. 1 qib - “Boiled Liver”,"Ordinary", "Smoked siab", thiab lwm yam. Nqaij nqaij npuas los yog nqaij nyuj thiab nqaij npuas sab plhu yog siv los ua noj. Raws li GOST, nws tuaj yeem ua noj lossis haus ntxiv.
3. 2 qib - Daim siab nrog nqaij npuas kib. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm xws li hnyuv ntxwm yuav muaj xws li nqaij, offal, tws nqaij npuas kib thiab nplej hmoov.
4. 3 qib - "siab zaub" thiab "siab boiled". Ntawm no, offal ntawm ib qeb qis yog siv rau kev ua noj, thiab lub ntsws yog ntxiv es tsis txhob lub siab. Cov hnyuv ntxwm no tuaj yeem muaj txog li 20% boiled cereals lossis legumes.

Zeltsy

Ua los ntawm kev npaj ua ntej, boiled thiab tws offal. Cov nqaij minced tau ntim rau hauv cov nqaij npuas plab thiab boil ntawm qhov kub ntawm 80˚C, txias thiab nias.

ntshav sausages

Hom hnyuv ntxwm no yog tsim los ntawm nqaij npuas kib, nqaij npuas thiab nqaij nyuj, cov nqaij thiab cov txuj lom nrog ntxiv cov ntshav defibrinated. Lawv txawv los ntawm lawv cov xim tsaus, qhov tsw ntawm cov txuj lom thiab saj ntawm ntshav.

Muaj plaub ntau yam ntawm cov paj npleg dub, sib txawv hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nqaij, muaj cov offal thiab hmoov:

• siab tshaj - "Ntsuab haus luam yeeb", "Tsev";
• 1 qib - "Boiled", "Smoked", "Peasant";
• 2 qib - "Smoked";
• 3- qib - "Smoked zaub", "Darnitskaya".

Sujuk

Ib hom yaj los yog nqaij nyuj sausage nrog nqaij nyug los yog yaj rog. Cov khoom no tsis raug rau kev kho cua sov lilwm cov hnyuv ntxwm, tab sis qhuav. Feem ntau, sujuk muaj ntau yam txuj lom thiab txuj lom.

Yuav ua li cas xaiv qhov zoo

Hnub no, ntau yam ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm nthuav tawm hauv khw muag khoom noj loj. Thiab tsis tas li cov cim "Ntxiv", "Premium" lossis "Lux" qhia qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom. Qhov no feem ntau dhau los ua kev lag luam los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.

Cov ntawv sau GOST R 52196-2003 tuaj yeem qhia rau koj tias koj muaj cov khoom lag luam boiled zoo nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb sib npaug thaum yuav cov hnyuv ntxwm, nqaij loaf, frankfurters, hnyuv ntxwm thiab lwm yam hnyuv ntxwm kom xyuam xim rau qhov kev nthuav qhia thiab hnub tas sij hawm ntawm cov khoom.

Cov hnyuv ntxwm uas ntim rau hauv cov thawv ntuj muaj lub neej txee ntev txog 5 hnub. Cov hnyuv ntxwm ntim rau hauv ib lub hnab yas tuaj yeem khaws cia ntev txog 45 hnub nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo. Yog tias lub txee lub neej tsis sib xws, nws txhais tau hais tias cov chaw tsim khoom siv cov khoom siv hluavtaws hauv kev tsim cov khoom no, uas yog qhov ua txhaum cai ntawm GOST.

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom zoo yog ib txwm qhuav thiab huv si, thiab lub plhaub haum snugly tiv thaiv cov nqaij loaf. Grey me ntsis ntawm qhov txiav yog ib qho kev ua txhaum ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev npaj sausage.

Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov xwm txheej ntawm cov nqaij loaves. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws cia kub rau sausages thiab hnyuv ntxwm khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj +8 ˚С ntawm ib tug txheeb ze humidity ntawm 75%.

Yog tias cov ntawv saj tau hnov thaum lub sijhawm noj cov khoom, ces qhov no yog qhov pom tseebib qho cim qhia tias muaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab ntau hauv nws, uas yog qhov ua txhaum cai ntawm tsoomfwv cov qauv zoo.

GOST rau hnyuv ntxwm: hloov pauv hauv zaub mov txawv

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug cai, tsuas yog li 15% ntawm cov nqaij thiab hnyuv ntxwm khoom tsim raws li feem ntau lees txais GOST cov cai muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam niaj hnub no. Tus so ntawm cov khoom yog tsim raws li specifications. Undoubtedly, qhov tshwm sim no yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom muaj.

Qhov tseeb, cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov hnyuv ntxwm tsis ib txwm sib haum rau cov khoom xyaw uas tau teev tseg hauv GOST. Feem ntau lawv muaj cov fillers nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nqaij qaib fillet, qos starch, soy protein, hmoov los yog concentrated connective cov nqaijrog proteins. Cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qee yam khoom tsis ua raws li cov qauv sau tseg.

Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom zoo li no yog txiav txim siab los ntawm organoleptic thiab kuaj txoj hauv kev. Cov khoom lag luam yuav tsum raug tso cai muag, uas cov ntsuas ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas ntsuas, nyob ntawm seb hom hnyuv ntxwm, sib haum rau cov txiaj ntsig tau tso cai:

• ntau feem ntawm cov ntsev noj tau txawv ntawm 1.5-3.5%;
• ntau feem ntawm qos yaj ywm starch: hauv cov hnyuv ntxwm boiled - los ntawm 1 mus rau 3%, thiab hauv daim siab hnyuv ntxwm - txog li 5%;
• ntau feem ntawm nitrites hauv cov hnyuv ntxwm - txog li 0, 005%, hauv lwm cov hnyuv ntxwm nitrites yuav tsum tsis txhob tag nrho.