Purple tshuaj yej "Chang-Shu": tshuaj xyuas ntawm kws kho mob. Yuav ua li cas haus? Contraindications
Purple tshuaj yej "Chang-Shu": tshuaj xyuas ntawm kws kho mob. Yuav ua li cas haus? Contraindications
Anonim

Ib qho tshuaj poob phaus tshiab tau ntaus lub khw hnub no. Qhov no yog tshuaj tsw qab "Chang-Shu", uas yog zus nyob rau hauv sab Asia. Cov neeg uas tau sim nws hais tias cov dej haus pab tshem tawm cov phaus ntxiv, muab cov hluas thiab kev zoo nkauj, muab kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub zog. Puas yog li ntawd? Chang-Shu ntshav tshuaj yej muaj dab tsi? Kev tshuaj xyuas cov kws kho mob, cov neeg mob, cov neeg tawm tsam thiab cov neeg nyiam haus dej haus tau nthuav tawm hauv kab lus no. Peb kuj tseem yuav kawm kom ntxaws txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, kho cov khoom thiab contraindications ntawm cov tshuaj suav tshuaj no.

Tej tshuaj yej yog dab tsi?

Qee tus hais tias cov dej haus yog panacea, ib qho kev kho rau yuav luag txhua yam kab mob, lwm tus hu nws nrov "scam" thiab extort nyiaj los ntawm gullible buyers. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau lub tswv yim, cov neeg uas tau sim txhua hom kev poob phaus uas thaum kawg tsis pab lawv them nyiaj rau Chang-Shu ntshav tshuaj yej. Kev tshuaj xyuas tiag tiag ntawm cov dej haus qhia tias nws "ua haujlwm".

tshuaj yej chang shu tshuaj xyuas cov kws kho mob
tshuaj yej chang shu tshuaj xyuas cov kws kho mob

Tshuaj kho mob yog npaj los ntawm cov paj ntawm tsob ntoo tshuaj yej, uas belongs rau tsev neeg myrtle. Cov genus no yog ze heev rau eucalyptus, paub txog nws cov khoom siv tshuaj. Cov tshuaj yej tsob ntoo yog cov nroj tsuag evergreen nrog fluffy yellowish los yog tag nrho-dawb buds thiab qhuav nplooj uas, vim lawv ilv loj, muab zoo tsis muaj ntxoov ntxoo. Ntawm cov no, los ntawm txoj kev, cosmetologists ua cov roj tseem ceeb pab rau daim tawv nqaij thiab plaub hau. Tab sis paj yog dav siv nyob rau hauv pej xeem tshuaj. Txij li thaum tsob ntoo hlob nyob rau hauv toj siab ntawm ntau lub teb chaws Esxias, cov dej haus ua los ntawm nws cov paj yog hu ua Tibetan tshuaj yej "Chang-Shu". Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog hu ua Suav, Nepalese thiab Cambodian, raws li nws kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov xeev no.

Kev haus dej tsis haus. Lub peculiarity yog hais tias nws yog harvested nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm tsawg oxygen cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug amazing qhov siab - 3 txhiab meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem. Tibetan cov hauj sam, suav kho mob, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Nepal xaiv paj, thiab lawv tsuas ua ob zaug hauv ib xyoos. Txhua txoj haujlwm yog ua los ntawm tes - tsis muaj qhov chaw tsim khoom rau kev tsim khoom.

Composition

Cov dej haus boasts ib qho txawv qab qab qab qab thiab nplua nuj ntsim aroma. Tab sis qhov no yog deb ntawm lub ntsiab kom zoo dua uas Chang-Shu tshuaj yej muaj: muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tshuaj kho neeg sawv cev yog li nplua nuj, uas zoo nkaus li tias nws muaj peev xwm tiag tiag pab nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm ntau yam kab mob. Ncaj nraim lub ntsiab ntawm cov dej haus yog:

  • Chrome. Nws tsis tsuas yog txoqab los noj mov thiab tshem tawm cov lipid txheej, tab sis kuj pab kom kov yeej kev nyuaj siab, ua kom cov leeg loj hlob.
  • YPhenolic compounds (tannins). Cov tshuaj ntawm cov hauv paus chiv keeb, txhawb kom muaj roj hlawv, tiv thaiv lub plab zom mov thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev tag nrho.
  • Antioxidants catechins. Pab zom cov lipid deposits, txo cov qib ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) phem hauv cov ntshav.
  • Dopamines. Lawv cuam tshuam rau ib feem ntawm lub hlwb uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau hlawv roj. Qhib cov txheej txheem no. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv ceev cov tsos ntawm satiety, txhim kho mus ob peb vas.
  • Theotannins. Lawv pab tshem tawm co toxins los ntawm lub cev, muaj cov kab mob bactericidal, normalizes cov hlab ntsha, ua kom lawv elasticity.
  • Theanines. Siv tau rau kev ntxhov siab thiab lub cev. Tone up lub cev, qhib nws lub peev xwm. Calming nyhuv ntawm lub paj hlwb.
  • Luteins. Tiv thaiv lub cev tsis pom kev los ntawm cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo ntawm lub khoos phis tawj saib thiab TV cov ntxaij vab tshaus.
  • YBioflavonoids. Tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim thaum ntxov ntawm cov plaub hau grey, plaub hau poob. Lawv txhim kho qhov mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, ntxiv rau, muaj ntau cov vitamins hauv tshuaj yej. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus saum toj no ua rau muaj qhov tseeb tias kev zoo nkauj tau khaws cia, cov hluas tau ntev, thiab kev noj qab haus huv yuav muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog.
qhov twg yuav chang shu tshuaj yej
qhov twg yuav chang shu tshuaj yej

khoom muaj txiaj ntsig

Chang-Shu ntshav tshuaj yej, vim nws cov khoom xyaw zoo kawg nkaus, tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov tshuaj ntau yam tshuaj. Ntau yam muaj txiaj ntsig decoctions, tinctures, roj yam tseem ceeb yog tsim los ntawm nws cov nplooj thiab paj,tshuaj pleev thiab cream. Raws li rau tshuaj yej nws tus kheej, nws tsis tsuas yog ua kom cov metabolism hauv lub cev thiab normalizes cov txheej txheem digestive, tab sis kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov mob ntawm daim tawv nqaij, plaub hau, rau tes, thiab pab kho cov kab mob ntawm lub cev ntawm lub zeem muag. thiab kab mob plab.

ntshav tshuaj yej chang shu tiag xyuas
ntshav tshuaj yej chang shu tiag xyuas

Cov dej haus tau txais nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo vim yog kev cuam tshuam ntawm tib qhov chaw alpine ntawm cov ntoo tshuaj yej. Cov huab cua tsis tshua muaj, cov ntsiab lus oxygen tsawg hauv cov huab cua ib puag ncig zoo cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw ntsuab. Cov xwm txheej no txhawb kev tsim cov khoom lag luam loj loj hauv cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj ntau zaus ntawm lawv ntau dua li tshuaj ntsuab, paj, hav txwv yeem thiab ntoo cog rau ntawm qhov tiaj.

YYuav haus tshuaj yej Chang-Shu li cas? Cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus pom zoo kom haus dej haus ob zaug ib hnub twg: thaum sawv ntxov nws invigorates, thaum yav tsaus ntuj nws calms. Rau ib qho kev pabcuam, koj yuav tsum tau brew 5 paj hauv ib lub khob txheem. Ntxiv zest rau haus nrog ib daim ntawm txiv qaub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob overdo nws nrog ntau npaum li cas: qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj yej no tsis yog qhov ntau, tab sis lub sij hawm ntawm kev noj haus thiab tsis tu ncua.

Nws ua haujlwm li cas?

Feem ntau, cov poj niam txhawj xeeb txog lawv qhov hnyav dhau. Tsis xav tsis thoob, lawv yog cov neeg siv khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom. Ntau tus neeg yuav Chang-Shu tshuaj yej, thaum tsis quav ntsej cov kws kho mob tshuaj xyuas lossis tsis txawm nug txog kev sab laj ua ntej. Txawm hais tias qhov no yuav tsum tau ua: tus kws kho mob yuav sau qhov tseeb txhua hnub, noj zaub mov, thiab pom zoo qee yam kev ua si. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yuav coj txawv txawv, dag rausofa thiab sipping tshuaj yej, poob phaus nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm peb ob lub qhov muag. Kom sai thiab yooj yim mus cuag koj lub hom phiaj, ib qho dej haus tsis txaus. Tab sis los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv nws txoj kev siv tas li, nrog rau kev tawm dag zog thiab kev noj haus, koj tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo.

chang shu ntshav tshuaj yej
chang shu ntshav tshuaj yej

Suav tshuaj yej "Chang-Shu", ua ke nrog kev rov zoo tiag tiag, txhawb kev hloov pauv sab nraud:

  1. Cov txheej txheem kev laus qeeb qeeb, daim tawv nqaij ua kom du thiab elastic.
  2. Cov ntsia hlau phaj muaj zog, nws cov fragility raug tshem tawm, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm delamination yog txo.
  3. plaub hau tsis poob, ua elastic, ci.
  4. Teeb meem thaj chaw hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov roj deposits yog neutralized.

Hauv lub cev, tshuaj yej ua raws li sedative. Noj nws, ib tug neeg xav tias ntsiag to, tab sis tib lub sij hawm tseem ua haujlwm, nquag. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los daws cov kev xav tsis zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li kev tshuaj xyuas, nws tsis tshua muaj kev mob khaub thuas, vim haus dej txhawb kev tiv thaiv thiab ua kom lub cev tiv thaiv.

slimming tea

Cov dej haus no yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Tshuaj yej rau poob phaus "Chang-Shu" sawv tawm ntawm nws "cov kwv tij" nrog rau cov nyhuv zoo sib xws. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws xyaum tsis ua rau muaj kev phiv. Cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus tau lees tias: haus tshuaj yej, koj yuav tsis tsuas zoo siab, tab sis kuj yuav muaj peev xwm tshem tawm cov ntxub cov centimeters nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem - ntawm lub duav thiab duav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li nws tau sau rau hauv cov lus piav qhia, nws tsis tas yuav ua kom qaug zog thiab zaum ntawm kev noj zaub mov nruj. Nws yog txaus tsuas yog ua raws li kev noj zaub mov kom zoo: ntau cov zaub mov muaj protein ntau, tsawg carbohydrates. Cov rog yuav tsum tau noj tsuas yog noj qab haus huv: cov uas muaj nyob hauv cov ntses thiab nqaij nruab deg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov dej haus muaj ntau cov vitamins. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov zoo dua los haus tshuaj yej ntuj dua li noj cov tshuaj ntsuab los ntawm lub tsev muag tshuaj.

yuav ua li cas haus chang shu tshuaj yej
yuav ua li cas haus chang shu tshuaj yej

Qhov zais cia ntawm cov tshuaj yej liab yog yooj yim heev: nws muaj cov nyhuv tonic. Cov dej haus zoo kawg nkaus rhuav tshem cov lipid deposits. Nws tshem tawm cov rog, thiab coj lub zog tso tawm kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm lub cev - kom sov lub cev, ua kom muaj zog thiab ua haujlwm. Haus ob khob ib hnub xwb, koj tuaj yeem ua tiav daim duab yuag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom qab zib tsis txwv: koj tuaj yeem noj lawv, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab. Cov dej haus yuav sai thiab ntseeg siab ua kom cov calories ntau dhau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj yej yog ntuj kiag li, yog li koj tuaj yeem haus nws yam tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog ntau yam teeb meem lossis kev mob tshwm sim.

Main secrets

Chang-Shu ntshav tshuaj yej pab koj poob phaus li cas? Qhov tseeb yog tias nws normalizes lub plab thiab cov hnyuv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov co toxins thiab carcinogens tsis nyob hauv lub cev, thiab cov tshuaj muaj nyob hauv cov dej haus pab zom cov lipid hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog kev pab los ntawm "Chang-Shu" tuaj yeem nqa tawm hnyav carbohydrates thiab rog - lawv tau nqus los ntawm theotanin. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, cov zaub mov tsis zoo rau lub plab - haus luam yeeb, kib thiab cov kaus poom - tau yooj yim zom thiab nqus tau. Raws li kev poob phaus, nws yog feem ntau vim yog qhov normalization ntawm cov metabolism thiab kho cov dej ntsev.tshuav nyiaj li cas. Txoj kev no ua rau koj qhov hnyav tsis tsuas yog maj mam, tab sis kuj zoo.

Dhau li ntawm, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm theotanin thiab nws "kwv tij" theobromine, cov lim dej tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev - ob lub raum thiab daim siab - ua haujlwm zoo thiab tsim tau, tshem tawm ntau yam teeb meem. Thiab qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, contributes rau lub disappearance ntawm ntxub kilograms. Tib lub sijhawm, Chang-Shu ua rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev poob phaus muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev noj qab haus huv, vim nws tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev nqus ntawm cov vitamins, minerals thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb hauv cov hnyuv. Kev poob phaus tshwm sim maj mam. Kev tshuaj xyuas hais tias peb lub hlis ntawm kev siv tshuaj yej tsis tu ncua, koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm 20-30 kilograms yam tsis muaj teeb meem rau lub cev. Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov hnyav poob - cov plaub hau poob, cov tsos ntawm lub voj voog nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag, tev ntawm daim tawv nqaij - yuav tsis tshwm sim. Txij li thaum tau txais cov tshuaj kho mob los ntawm cov dej haus, lub plab, hnyuv thiab daim siab tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov tshuaj pleev ib ce zoo rau koj qhov tsos.

tawm tswv yim zoo los ntawm kws kho mob

Qee tus kws kho mob txaus siab rau Chang-Shu tshuaj yej. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov kws kho mob uas kho cov kab mob endocrine ua tim khawv: cov dej haus yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov amino acids thiab cov vitamins, uas tsis tshua pom muaj nyob hauv cov zaub mov niaj hnub. Lawv ua rau lub neej ntev (tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, cov Tibetans thiab Suav tuaj yeem khav theeb ntawm lub neej expectancy). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, peb tab tom tham txog cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis yog ntawm lub ntsej muag thiab tawv nqaij xwb, tab sis kuj ntawm cov kabmob sab hauv. Thiab nyob rau hauv nws cov cawv, menopause hauv cov poj niam tuaj tom qab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws paub txog zaub mov hais tias: tshuaj yej provokes qhov pib sai ntawm satiety, uastuaj yeem txo tus nqi ntawm cov zaub mov noj. Nws kuj muaj qab ntxiag saj thiab zoo kawg nkaus quenchs nqhis dej.

chang shu suav tshuaj yej
chang shu suav tshuaj yej

Cov kws kho qhov muag pom kev kuj txaus siab rau Chang-Shu tshuaj yej: cov kws kho mob tshuaj xyuas nws yog qhov zoo. Cov kws kho mob saib xyuas cov tshuaj uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub qhov muag. Cov lutein thiab zeaxanthin muaj nyob rau hauv cov dej haus muab lim ntawm lub teeb frequencies, yog li tiv thaiv lub cev pom. Nrog rau nws, koj tuaj yeem nce qib ntawm carotenoids, tus naj npawb ntawm cov uas maj mam txo nrog lub hnub nyoog thiab nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom noj tsis txaus. Thiab lawv pab txo qhov muag nkees ntawm cov neeg uas siv sijhawm ntau ntawm lub computer. Cov kws kho mob nco ntsoov tias cov tshuaj yej ntshav qab zib ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev, ua kom nws rov qab los sai sai tom qab muaj mob ntev thiab kev phais mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws nce koj lub peev xwm ua haujlwm - lub cev thiab lub hlwb. Pab kom tshem tau ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab. Muab lub zog rau txiv neej, txawm tias cov ginseng nto moo tshaj plaws txawm tias cov ginseng nto moo hauv nws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov chaw mos.

Lwm qhov kev xav

Tsis yog txhua tus hu nkauj qhuas odes rau haus. Ntau tus kws kho mob hu ntshav tshuaj yej "Chang-Shu" ua pacifier. Kev tshuaj xyuas tiag tiag ntawm cov neeg uas tau sim "panacea" ntawm lawv tus kheej, ib yam nkaus, yog deb ntawm qhov zoo tagnrho. Ib tug neeg hais tias lawv tsis pom muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb: muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub cev, tab sis nws zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj yej ntsuab. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom kawg yog ntau pheej yig dua. Qee tus poj niam hais tias lawv "tau txais" tsuas yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev haus dej haus cawv. Zoo li, nws provokes ib tug muaj zog nqhis dej, drieslub cev los ntawm sab hauv - raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug neeg haus dej ntau, cov dej tshuav nyiaj li cas cuam tshuam, cov dej ntau dhau accumulates nyob rau hauv lub cev, ua rau o thiab o. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj colic, mob plab.

tshuaj yej chang shu nqi
tshuaj yej chang shu nqi

Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws yog qee tus poj niam uas yuav tshuaj kho tau txuj ci tseem ceeb, tsis tsuas yog tsis poob phaus, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nce hnyav. Raws li lawv, tshuaj yej yog qab zib thiab tsis qab, yog li nws yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem haus nws yam tsis muaj suab thaj. Raws li, cov khoom qab zib, nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, tau pab txhawb qhov hnyav nce. Ntawm qhov tsis zoo kuj tseem hu ua tus nqi siab. Rau cov neeg nyob nruab nrab ntawm Russia, Chang-Shu tshuaj yej hits lub hnab tshos: tus nqi ntawm kev sim yog 1990 rubles, qhov pib yog 3980, tag nrho yog 4970. Hauv thawj ob kis, koj kuj yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau. tus nqi - 380 rubles. Yog tias koj yuav tag nrho cov chav kawm, koj yuav tsis tau them tus nqi xa khoom.

Chang-Shu tshuaj yej nyob qhov twg?

Qhov tseeb tias cov dej haus tsuas yog muag hauv lub vev xaib raug cai ntawm tus muag khoom yog hais txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom. Cia peb hais tias koj tsis xav them tus nqi thauj khoom, lossis koj xav tau pib noj Chang-Shu tshuaj yej tam sim ntawd. Koj tsuas yog yuav tsis pom nws hauv khw muag tshuaj lossis khw muag khoom, koj yuav tsum tau xaj hauv Is Taws Nem. Ib tsab xov xwm hais txog cov dej haus muaj qhov txuas mus rau lub vev xaib official, yog li nws yooj yim mus nrhiav nws. Nco ntsoov tias ib pob, tus nqi ntawm yuav luag 2 txhiab rubles, tsuas yog txaus rau ib hlis. Thiab cov neeg muag khoom pom zoo noj tshuaj yej rau peb lub hlis kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig xav tau. Cov chav kawm tag nrho yuav raug nqi 5 txhiab yam tsis tau them tus me nyuam - yog li, xajnws, koj txuag yuav luag ib thiab ib nrab txhiab rubles, uas tseem ceeb heev. Yog tias koj nyob sab nraud ntawm Russia, koj yuav tsum them tus nqi thauj khoom ntawm txhua qhov xwm txheej.

Kev txiav txim yog ib qho yooj yim. Muaj ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm lub xaib uas koj yuav tsum tau sau. Hauv nws, qhia koj lub npe, tiv tauj cov ntsiab lus thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov pob tshuaj yej. Tom qab sau npe, tus thawj tswj hwm yuav hu rau koj hauv 24 teev thiab nug koj kom paub meej tias qhov chaw nyob uas lub thawv yuav xa tuaj. Ob peb hnub koj yuav tau txais cov khoom.

Kev txwv

Yog tias koj tau txiav txim siab yuav khoom, yuav tsum paub txog cov kev mob tshwm sim. Ntawm lawv, tus neeg intolerance rau cov dej haus thiab ntau yam kev tsis haum tshuaj rau nws cov khoom yog txawv. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg uas muaj ntau yam pob khaus yuav tsum sim Chang-Shu tshuaj yej ua ntej muab tag nrho cov kev txiav txim. Muaj lwm yam contraindications: cev xeeb tub thiab lactation tsis yog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws rau kev sim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus yuav tsum tsis txhob haus dej haus.

tibetan chang shu tshuaj yej
tibetan chang shu tshuaj yej

Ntawm cov kev txwv yog cov paj brewed. Cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus tsis pom zoo kom tshaj li tus qauv koob tshuaj ntawm 5 daim. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai tus naj npawb ntawm paj rau ib qho kev txais tos yog 7 units. Koj yuav tsum haus tshuaj yej nruj me ntsis ob zaug ib hnub twg - thaum sawv ntxov thiab yav tsaus ntuj. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, kev siv cov dej haus yuav tsis tsuas yog kev nyab xeeb, tab sis kuj zoo. Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo. Tsis nco qab yam tsawg kawg ib qho txheej txheem, koj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig. Nco ntsoov tias kev ua kis las thiab kev noj zaub mov zoo tsis muaj leej twgtso tseg. Yog li ntawd, siv tshuaj yej los ua ib qho cuab yeej ntxiv rau kev poob phaus, thaum tsis quav ntsej txog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rau cov hluas, kev zoo nkauj thiab kev noj qab haus huv - kev noj zaub mov zoo thiab kev tawm dag zog.

Pom zoo: