Zoo tshaj Recipes 2024, Kaum ib hlis

Qos yaj ywm ncuav qab zib: daim ntawv qhia nrog duab

Qos yaj ywm ncuav qab zib: daim ntawv qhia nrog duab

Qos yaj ywm tau ntev yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv chav ua noj ntawm ib tug neeg Lavxias. Nrog nws, koj tuaj yeem ua zaub xam lav, thiab boiled, kib, thiab ci lauj kaub tais diav. Qos yaj ywm ncuav qab zib yog ib qho kev xaiv ua noj zoo tshaj plaws rau cov qoob loo no. Tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem tau los ntawm qos yaj ywm ib leeg, yog li koj yuav tsum tau tsim ntau thiab ntau cov zaub mov txawv nrog cov khoom xyaw ntxiv rau cov zaub mov no

Yuav ua li cas ncuav ncuav mog qab zib?

Yuav ua li cas ncuav ncuav mog qab zib?

Khoom noj txom ncauj pies yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo rau lub rooj noj mov. Txhua tus tswv tsev tos qhua yeej ib txwm txhawj xeeb txog seb puas yuav muaj khoom noj txaus rau ntawm lub rooj, seb cov qhua yuav tshaib plab. Thiab pies yog khoom noj txom ncauj zoo, thiab ntxiv rau, lawv txaus siab heev

Yuav ua li cas ua ncuav qab zib filling?

Yuav ua li cas ua ncuav qab zib filling?

Yuav ua li cas ua ncuav qab zib? Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb xav kom kawm yuav ua li cas ua noj fills los ntawm qe, kaus poom zaub mov, qos yaj ywm, zaub qhwv, txiv apples, raisins. Peb kuj coj tuaj rau koj mloog ib daim ntawv qhia rau ib qho zoo kawg ncuav qab zib nrog txiv qaub filling

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm pies thiab zaub mov txawv rau lawv qhov kev npaj

Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm pies thiab zaub mov txawv rau lawv qhov kev npaj

Pies yog cov qhua nquag heev ntawm cov ntawv qhia zaub mov ntawm txhua tsev neeg, tab sis txawm li cas los xij, lawv yeej tsis dhuav. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau hom pies ntawm cov zaub mov hauv zos, nrog rau txawv teb chaws ntau yam khoom noj uas txhua tus nyiam. Lawv yog cov qab zib, qab ntsev, qhib, kaw, lush, crispy, thiab ntau yam filling yog tsuas yog amazing

Yuav ua li cas ua noj tsis muaj poov xab puff pastry: daim ntawv qhia nrog duab

Yuav ua li cas ua noj tsis muaj poov xab puff pastry: daim ntawv qhia nrog duab

Txoj kev sib txawv ntawm kev ua cov poov xab tsis muaj puff pastry nrog daim duab. Step-by-step piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov khoom nta, nws cov lus piav qhia thiab kev tsim secrets

Semolina pancakes: txoj hauv kev ua noj nrog cov zaub mov ib kauj ruam

Semolina pancakes: txoj hauv kev ua noj nrog cov zaub mov ib kauj ruam

Ntau tus txawm tsis xav tias yuav ua li cas qab semolina fritters tuaj yeem tig tawm. Ntxiv mus, tsis tsuas yog cereals yog siv los ua thawj cov khoom, tab sis kuj pre-siav porridge

Ossetian cuisine: zaub mov txawv nrog cov duab

Ossetian cuisine: zaub mov txawv nrog cov duab

Ossetian cuisine yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg. Ib zaug tau sim cov tais diav uas cuam tshuam nrog nws, kuv xav rov qab! Nws yog qhov zoo uas muaj ntau cov zaub mov txawv raws li txhua tus neeg tuaj yeem ua noj ib txwm Caucasian kho hauv tsev. Koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tau sau qee cov khoom xyaw thiab ua raws li cov lus qhia. Thiab tam sim no peb yuav tham txog cov zaub mov nrov tshaj plaws thiab zaub mov txawv rau lawv cov kev npaj

Cov zaub mov zoo tshaj plaws: zaub mov txawv

Cov zaub mov zoo tshaj plaws: zaub mov txawv

Hnub no peb yuav los saib txawv cov tais diav ntawm cereals. Daim ntawv qhia nrog cov duab nthuav tawm hauv kab lus yuav pab txhua tus niam tsev ua noj lawv cov zaub mov nyiam

Nqaij ntawm skewers: cov zaub mov zoo tshaj plaws, hom marinades thiab cov subtleties ntawm kev ua noj

Nqaij ntawm skewers: cov zaub mov zoo tshaj plaws, hom marinades thiab cov subtleties ntawm kev ua noj

Yuav ua li cas ua noj qab, qab thiab muaj kua qab heev ntawm cov skewers? Qee cov zaub mov zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov duab, ci secrets, piav qhia thiab nta ntawm kev kho. Txhua yam koj yuav tsum paub ua noj qab nyob hauv tsev barbecue nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes

Dab tsi yog lub teb chaws Greek tais. Cov zaub mov nrov tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Greek: zaub mov txawv

Dab tsi yog lub teb chaws Greek tais. Cov zaub mov nrov tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Greek: zaub mov txawv

Lub teb chaws Greek tais yog ib lub tais uas yog Greek (Mediterranean) cuisine. Kev lig kev cai nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws, meze tau txais kev pab, moussaka, Greek zaub xam lav, fasolada, spanakopita, pastitsio, galaktoboureko thiab lwm yam zaub mov nthuav. Daim ntawv qhia rau lawv cov kev npaj tau nthuav tawm hauv peb tsab xov xwm

Nut roll: recipe. Yob nrog txiv ntseej filling

Nut roll: recipe. Yob nrog txiv ntseej filling

Lub caij ntuj no, cov hnub so xws li Xyoo Tshiab thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg Christmas. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib qho laj thawj los caw cov qhua lossis tuaj xyuas koj cov txheeb ze thiab phooj ywg koj tus kheej. Ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau lub sij hawm no, lub rooj yog nteg, qab tais diav yog npaj. Raws li cov khoom qab zib qab zib, koj tuaj yeem ua noj cov txiv ntoo yob

Hloov dub elderberry jam. Yuav ua li cas ua kom dub elderberry jam?

Hloov dub elderberry jam. Yuav ua li cas ua kom dub elderberry jam?

Ib tug poj niam thaum twg los xij xav kom ntxim nyiam. Muaj tseeb tiag, kev zoo nkauj sab nrauv feem ntau nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lub cev. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los saib xyuas koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab tswj nws. Niaj hnub no, ntau txoj kev paub txog kev kho mob, ib qho ntawm lawv yog kev kho mob elderberry jam

Pumpkin ncuav qab zib: Daim ntawv qhia yooj yim thiab qab

Pumpkin ncuav qab zib: Daim ntawv qhia yooj yim thiab qab

Ntau tus neeg tsis nyiam saj ntawm cov txiv kab ntxwv no hauv cov khoom ci. Tab sis nws cov txiaj ntsig rau lub cev yog qhov tseem ceeb. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, taub dag pulp yog ib qhov chaw ntawm cov vitamins C, T, K, pab pawg B, raws li zoo raws li A, D thiab E. Lub caij nplooj zeeg zaub muaj qhov txhab kho, tiv thaiv inflammatory, vasodilating thiab ntxuav lub zog. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws taub dag ncuav qab zib yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm. Koj tuaj yeem xaiv los ntawm pastries rau lub ntsiab chav kawm lossis rau khoom qab zib

Silicon peas thiab zaub mov txawv los ntawm nws

Silicon peas thiab zaub mov txawv los ntawm nws

Lub caij ntuj sov thiab pib lub caij nplooj zeeg rau txhua tus poj niam hauv tsev yog lub sijhawm fertile. Kev nplua nuj ntawm cov zaub ua rau nws ua tau kom txaus siab rau tsev neeg nrog ib pawg ntawm kev npaj txhij txog, savory thiab tsuas yog thawj cov tais diav. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ntsuab peas muab ib tug loj Scope rau kev xav. Los ntawm nws koj tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam tsis xav txog ntawm ntau yam tais diav: los ntawm khoom noj txom ncauj mus rau tag nrho cov pluas noj. Thiab noj qab nyob zoo, thiab aroma, thiab insanely qab. Ib tus tuaj yeem ua siab ntev rau cov neeg uas, vim muaj kev txwv kev kho mob, tsis tu

Cov zaub mov zoo nrog nqaij nyuj: zaub mov txawv nrog cov duab

Cov zaub mov zoo nrog nqaij nyuj: zaub mov txawv nrog cov duab

Tsis txhob maj muab pob txha nyuj - koj tuaj yeem ua tau ntau lub qhov ncauj los ntawm lawv. Cov khoom no muaj ntau cov proteins, ntxhia ntsev thiab calcium. Nrog rau kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov khoom, koj yuav tau txais cov zaub mov noj qab haus huv thiab qab. Kab lus yuav muab cov zaub mov txawv nrog nqaij nyuj thiab qee cov lus qhia txog kev ua noj kom zoo

Cua mov rau pizza: ua zaub mov txawv

Cua mov rau pizza: ua zaub mov txawv

Muaj ntau cov zaub mov txawv pizza, thiab feem ntau peb tham txog ntau yam toppings. Tab sis lub khob noom cookie yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov zaub mov no, nws kuj tau ua txawv, txawm tias daim ntawv qhia ib txwm muaj. Qee tus neeg nyiam heev nyias thiab crispy, thaum lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, npau suav ntawm pizza nrog airy mov paj, kom cov pieces yog tuab thiab muaj kua

Thai Sriracha Sauce. Ua noj peb tus kheej

Thai Sriracha Sauce. Ua noj peb tus kheej

Dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub npe txawv ntawm peb pob ntseg "Sriracha"? Hmoov tsis zoo, ntau tus neeg tsis tau hnov txog qhov no. Cov ntses no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua nrov heev. Thiab nyob rau hauv vain

Nqaij qaib qhaub cij. Daim ntawv qhia nrog cov duab

Nqaij qaib qhaub cij. Daim ntawv qhia nrog cov duab

Yav dhau los, cov qhaub cij tau txuam nrog "khoom noj tsis raug" - txhua tus yuav tsum tau hnov cov lus "Kev noj zaub mov qhuav yog qhov phom sij heev!" Tam sim no qhov kev tsim kho tsis muaj teeb meem ntawm qhob cij thiab toppings tau raug kho dua tshiab

Cov poov xab nrog cov poov xab qhuav rau cov dawb: daim ntawv qhia

Cov poov xab nrog cov poov xab qhuav rau cov dawb: daim ntawv qhia

Belyash yog cov ncuav qab zib nrog cov nqaij kib hauv cov roj ntau. Nws tuaj yeem raug hu ua thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov khoom noj ceev ceev hauv thaj chaw ntawm Union

Txiav nqaij - rooj kho kom zoo nkauj

Txiav nqaij - rooj kho kom zoo nkauj

Nws nyuaj rau xav txog lub rooj so haujlwm yam tsis muaj qhov txias txias. Xws li cov tais diav yog yooj yim heev thiab ib txwm ua, thiab cov kws ua haujlwm paub txog ua noj ua haus nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas nws ua ib tug tiag tiag kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub rooj

Rye qhob cij hauv lub cooker qeeb: daim ntawv qhia, txoj kev ua noj

Rye qhob cij hauv lub cooker qeeb: daim ntawv qhia, txoj kev ua noj

Txhua tus xav noj tsuas yog cov khoom zoo. Lub khob cij tsis muaj qhov zam. Kab lus no yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas ua noj rye qhob cij hauv tsev, siv tsawg kawg ntawm kev siv zog thiab nyiaj txiag. Thiab lub multicooker yuav pab tau koj nrog qhov no. Daim ntawv qhia tswv yim rau kev ua mov ci rye hauv lub cooker qeeb yuav raug piav qhia, nrog rau qee qhov kev ua kom yuam kev thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem ci ci

Yuav ua li cas kib carp hauv lub lauj kaub: ib daim ntawv qhia nrog daim duab

Yuav ua li cas kib carp hauv lub lauj kaub: ib daim ntawv qhia nrog daim duab

Nyob hauv lub neej niaj hnub no, muaj ntau tus uas nyiam kho lawv tus kheej rau ib daim ntses. Tab sis muaj cov neeg uas tsis tuaj yeem nyob ib hnub tsis muaj nws. Pom zoo, nws kim heev mus rau tom tsev noj mov thiab noj yam koj tuaj yeem ua noj hauv tsev, thiab ntau zaus pheej yig dua. Ntawm cov txheej txheem - yuav ua li cas fry crucian carp. Cov ntses dej zoo tib yam, uas muaj nyob hauv yuav luag txhua lub cev dej tshiab. Hom no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau thiab nquag siv

Classic aspic ntses daim ntawv qhia

Classic aspic ntses daim ntawv qhia

Russian cuisine tsis tsuas yog cov tais diav ib txwm siv xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov uas tau qiv los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li, ib daim ntawv qhia rau jellied ntses tuaj rau peb los ntawm Fabkis. Cov zaub mov no zoo ib yam li jelly, tab sis nws zoo nkauj dua

Yuav ua li cas ua mov rau sushi? Cov lus qhia muaj txiaj ntsig thiab zais cia

Yuav ua li cas ua mov rau sushi? Cov lus qhia muaj txiaj ntsig thiab zais cia

Sushi thiab yob yog nrov tsis yog nyob rau hauv Nyiv. Cov tais diav no nrov heev hauv khw noj mov. Qee zaum koj yeej xav kho koj tus kheej rau cov tais diav uas npaj hauv tsev! Tab sis hmoov tsis zoo, tag nrho cov khoom xyaw raug xaiv kom raug, thiab saj ntawm cov yob tuaj tawm txawv kiag li. Nws yog txhua yam hais txog cov mov tsis zoo. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab tivthaiv uas koj yuav tsum tau them tshwj xeeb mloog

Roosters on a stick: recipe with photo

Roosters on a stick: recipe with photo

Nco nco tshaj plaws, tau kawg, txij thaum yau. Cov menyuam roj hmab, chaw ua si, cim npe thiab cockerels ntawm tus pas. Cov khoom qab zib no ntxias cov menyuam yaus tsis tsuas yog nrog lawv saj, aroma, tab sis kuj nrog ib qho txawv txawv. Thiab cov xim sib txawv tsuas yog ntxiv rau zest. Peb yuav tham txog cov classic daim ntawv qhia rau roosters ntawm ib tug pas nyob rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm hnub no

Glazed curds: tom tsev peb npaj cov curd kho rau menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus

Glazed curds: tom tsev peb npaj cov curd kho rau menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus

Glazed curd cheese yog ib qho kev nyiam ntawm cov menyuam yaus niaj hnub no. Thiab txawm tias ntau tus neeg laus noj cov khoom no nrog kev txaus siab heev. Yuav ua li cas koj tsis hlub no qab zib? Cov nqaij mos curd loj, npog nrog chocolate lossis caramel, yaj hauv lub qhov ncauj, coj peb txaus siab rau saj thiab aroma

Hot dog buns. Kawm paub yuav ua li cas ua cov khoom qab zib xuas tes ua rau lub tais no

Hot dog buns. Kawm paub yuav ua li cas ua cov khoom qab zib xuas tes ua rau lub tais no

Luminous, mos, mos, nrog crispy crust - cov no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm muffin, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm tus dev kub. Nov yog qhov peb yuav kawm ua noj. Yuav ua li cas ua kom kub dev buns ntawm koj tus kheej hauv koj chav ua noj, koj tuaj yeem kawm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv hauv kab lus no

Yuav ua li cas ua tsev cheese los ntawm? Kawm paub yuav ua li cas ua tsev cheese los ntawm qaub mis nyuj, kefir los yog qaub cream

Yuav ua li cas ua tsev cheese los ntawm? Kawm paub yuav ua li cas ua tsev cheese los ntawm qaub mis nyuj, kefir los yog qaub cream

Tsev tsev cheese yog ib qho khoom noj khoom haus fermented mis nyuj. Yuav ua li cas rau koj tus kheej, cov neeg nyeem tuaj yeem kawm los ntawm kab lus no. Ntawm no nws tau piav qhia yuav ua li cas thiab los ntawm dab tsi ua noj tsev cheese hauv tsev. Tom qab kawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no, txhua tus neeg yuav tuaj yeem ua cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig hauv lawv chav ua noj

Yuav ua li cas ua zaub khov hauv lub cooker qeeb? Daim ntawv qhia rau cov zaub khov nrog mov hauv lub cooker qeeb

Yuav ua li cas ua zaub khov hauv lub cooker qeeb? Daim ntawv qhia rau cov zaub khov nrog mov hauv lub cooker qeeb

Yuav ua li cas ua zaub khov hauv lub cooker qeeb? Qhov no yuav tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm. Piv txwv ntawm cov zaub mov raug muab, hauv qab no uas koj yuav kawm yuav ua li cas ua cov vitamin qab tais diav

Zaub mov noj qab haus huv. Noj qab nyob zoo zaub mov rau lub lim tiam

Zaub mov noj qab haus huv. Noj qab nyob zoo zaub mov rau lub lim tiam

Los ntawm tsab xov xwm, tus nyeem yuav tuaj yeem kawm paub yuav ua li cas thiaj tsim tau cov zaub mov sib npaug, nrog rau cov zaub mov noj qab haus huv rau txhua tus neeg hauv tsev neeg. Cov ntaub ntawv muab yuav pab koj ua kom koj cov zaub mov tsis tsuas yog cua, tab sis kuj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau lub cev

Unsweetened ncuav qab zib - ua zaub mov txawv

Unsweetened ncuav qab zib - ua zaub mov txawv

Delicious pastries tsis yog qab zib ib txwm. Piv txwv li, ntau tus neeg nyiam crackers. Cov ncuav qab zib qab zib kuj tseem nrov, tuaj yeem ua nrog cov khoom xyaw sib txawv, xws li cov noob flax lossis tsev cheese

Muaj daim ntawv qhia: duck mis hauv qhov cub

Muaj daim ntawv qhia: duck mis hauv qhov cub

Lawv hais tias duck tsis yog rau txhua tus: nws muaj ntxhiab tsw, muaj roj ntau, thiab nqaij tawv. Yog tias koj tsis tau noj nws, tab sis xav sim nws, ua noj nqaij qaib hauv qhov cub. Yog tias koj txaus siab rau qhov saj ntawm cov zaub mov tshiab, nws yuav dhau los ua cov qhua nquag ntawm koj lub rooj

Cov kua ntses - cua thiab noj qab nyob zoo

Cov kua ntses - cua thiab noj qab nyob zoo

Kev txwv kev noj zaub mov tuaj yeem ua rau ntau yam laj thawj. Qhov no yog kab mob, thiab yoo mov, thiab muaj lub siab xav poob phaus. Txawm li cas los xij, xws li cov zaub mov no feem ntau yog tshiab, tsis muaj suab nrov thiab aroma. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, sauces tuaj cawm. Noj, lean, vegan - lawv cov kev xaiv yog ntau tshaj li nws yuav zoo li ib tug inexperienced ua noj

Mushroom sauce: zaub mov txawv nrog cov duab

Mushroom sauce: zaub mov txawv nrog cov duab

Cov tshuaj tsw qab, muag muag, creamy sauce nrog nceb (peb yuav saib daim duab hauv kab lus) yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov zaub ci ci, ntses thiab ntau yam tais diav. Nws cia melts, npog lub sab phaj, thiab muab lub tais ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo aroma! Cov ntawv qhia zaub mov rau creamy mushroom sauces tau npaj sai heev thiab tau txais kev pab ntawm lub rooj ob qho tib si txias thiab kub

Ov-cua qaib thighs hauv lub tes tsho: noj hmo qab rau tag nrho tsev neeg

Ov-cua qaib thighs hauv lub tes tsho: noj hmo qab rau tag nrho tsev neeg

Tam sim ntawd cov qhua tuaj los yog tus txiv tshaib plab yuav rov qab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm? Qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws yog npaj cov zaub mov sai, tab sis cua. Xws li qhov cub ci nqaij qaib thighs hauv lub tes tsho. Nyob rau hauv lub meantime, cov txheej txheem ua noj yog nyob rau hauv kev kawm, koj muaj peev xwm siv sij hawm rau ib sab phaj los yog zaub xam lav

Yuav ua li cas yog brioche bun

Yuav ua li cas yog brioche bun

Fabkis cov ncuav qab zib muaj npe nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb: profiteroles, croissants, thiab brioche bun nrov tshaj plaws. Cov no yog cov khoom me me uas ua los ntawm cov khoom me me airy poov xab. Yuav kom tau txais cov tsoos brioche buns, koj yuav tsum ua raws li qee txoj cai thaum ci

Recipe for watermelon jam - nco txog lub caij ntuj sov

Recipe for watermelon jam - nco txog lub caij ntuj sov

Los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo txawv txawv, ntau cov tais diav uas zoo kawg nkaus tau npaj, tab sis tus thawj coj tseem yog jam nrog nws cov aroma thiab saj zoo heev. Daim ntawv qhia no zoo kawg nkaus rau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo jam yuav pab koj npaj ib qho delicacy uas yuav tsis tawm leej twg indifferent, nws yuav zoo siab rau koj thaum yav tsaus ntuj lub caij ntuj no, nco ntsoov koj lub caij ntuj sov

Strawberry sauce nyob rau hauv ntau yam variations

Strawberry sauce nyob rau hauv ntau yam variations

Strawberry yog ib qho nyiam txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj cov vitamins. Koj tuaj yeem txaus siab rau nws tshiab, lossis koj tuaj yeem ua kua ntses tawm ntawm nws. Hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav xav txog ntau yam zaub mov txawv rau cov kua ntses. Ntawm chav kawm, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov khoom tshiab, ces cov ntses yuav muaj ntxhiab ntau dua, tab sis koj tuaj yeem siv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo khov

Ci Easter ncuav ci hauv qhov cub

Ci Easter ncuav ci hauv qhov cub

Lub npe Easter ncuav ci yog dab tsi? Koj yuav kawm tau cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kab lus nthuav tawm. Peb kuj yuav qhia rau koj txog yuav ua li cas cov ncuav pastries ua hauv tsev

Nyias openwork pancakes: ib daim ntawv qhia ntxaws

Nyias openwork pancakes: ib daim ntawv qhia ntxaws

Openwork pancakes nrog mis nyuj tsis tsuas yog zoo nkauj heev, tab sis kuj qab. Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv rau lawv cov kev npaj (rau cov tais diav), tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau yam txawv proportions